Developing an outcomes-based approach to achieving Target 3 of the Global Biodiversity Framework

Four levels in making progress towards Target 3 can be distinguished: 1. Areas that are currently fully effective; 2. Areas that are currently partially effective or on track to being effective; 3. Areas that are currently ineffective due to reversible issues; and 4. Areas that are currently and will continue to be ineffective due to irreversible issues. Some policy implications of this typology, its strengths and weaknesses, and how it might be further developed are discussed.